The commonest functional abnormalities are detrusor overactivity and stress urinary incontinece and either may manifest as lower urinary tract symptoms such as urgency, frequency and /or nocturia. Painful urination is related to cystitis which means baldder is inflamed acutely or chronically. Ther most cignificent symptom is blood in urine which colud be intal presntation of baldder cancer.
Stricutre of Urethra i like as slow possion-will damage kidneys if unattended. It leads is gradual loss of flow and conitnues to be the most bothering disease in Indian population, males, less common in females and children. Its is basically a narrowing of the lumen due to infections, trauma- road traffic and endoscopic urological intervention for example post TURP.
This often lead to severe difficulty in passing urine and is one of the most common causes of acute retention of urine in young males.
It’s no longer a hopeless disease as was previously understood. Treatment involves cold knife incision and enlargement. Severe cases demand urethroplasty is a more complex procedure but has a higher rate of curing stricture.
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